Comparison of MEO, LEO, and Terrestrial IoT Configurations in Terms of GDOP and Achievable Positioning Accuracies

Complementary solutions to the Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are more and in demand be able achieve seamless positioning worldwide, outdoor as well indoor scenarios, cope with increased interference threats GNSS bands. Two of such complementary systems can rely on emerging Low (LEO) constellations terrestrial long-range Internet Things (IoT) systems, both under rapid developments nowadays. Standalone based beneficial situations where signal is highly affected by interferences, jammers spoofers, while hybrid non-GNSS making use LEO IoT signals opportunity improve achievable accuracy a wide variety scenarios. Comparative research performance bounds through MEO, LEO, still hard find current literature. It goal this paper introduce unified framework compare these three system types, geometry matrices error modeling, present analysis terms Geometric Dilution Precision (GDOP) bounds.